EDMONTON — An Alberta government document suggests the province has made little progress in protecting its 15 threatened caribou herds, despite having signed an agreement with Ottawa that promised it would. 

That document, released three years late on Jan. 19, is the first report into the so-called Section 11 agreement between the province and Environment Canada. The 2020 agreement was made under threat of the federal government stepping in to protect critical habitat for the herds, which are in many cases almost entirely disturbed by resource development.

The report considers the deal’s first two years. But even that limited time frame suggests a long list of problems, from the slow cleanup of seismic lines to the ongoing growth of industrial footprint to the lack of range planning that would let the species survive in some of Canada’s busiest landscapes. 

“There’s not much here that is encouraging in the data,” said Phillip Meintzer of the Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society. 

Despite the agreement’s focus on habitat protection, human disturbance increased in 23 out of 28 caribou subranges between 2018 and 2021. The average amount of critical habitat undisturbed by industry or wildfire in an Alberta caribou subrange is 19 per cent, when federal guidelines say caribou need 65 per cent to be self-sustaining. 

Of those 28 subranges, seven have more than 10 per cent of their area under some form of protection. Nine have no protection at all and the rest average about three per cent. 

Forestry, energy, agriculture, recreation and homes all chip away at caribou habitat, but they also provide jobs that thousands of Albertans depend on. Range plans laying out how those uses can coexist with caribou are a major objective of the agreement. 

Fifteen range plans were to have been finished by the end of 2025. Two have been completed, said Meintzer, and those have not yet been implemented by legislation. 

Guidelines for activity on caribou habitat that do exist may be adjusted at industry request. Between October 2020 and December 2021, Alberta Environment processed 101 such applications. 

One of the biggest causes of disturbance is seismic lines, which chop up forests and allow predators access into groves that would otherwise be hard to get to. 

The report says Alberta has 250,000 kilometres of seismic lines on caribou range. By the end of 2021, 138 kilometres had been restored and work started on another 763. 

Meanwhile, activity on caribou range proceeds. In 2020 and 2021, new approvals for forestry, energy and other industrial activities covered more than 700 square kilometres.

Despite the pressure, recent government estimates say caribou numbers seem to be steady at about 2,000. 

Of Alberta’s 15 herds, the report is confident that eight are at least holding their own. One is almost certainly shrinking. For the rest, things could be going either way. 

The report attributes that to the province’s annual wolf cull, conducted by helicopter gunning and strychnine poisoning. In 2020 and 2021, 824 wolves were killed. 

“In all cases, the trends are poorer,” said Meintzer.

Meintzer points out the report is two years overdue. Attempts to find out why have failed, he said.

“We’ve talked to folks at both Alberta Environment and Protected Areas and Environment Canada. Both are pointing at each other.”

Neither federal nor provincial departments provided comment on the report.

University of Alberta ecology professor Mark Boyce said the report throws doubt on Alberta’s caribou conservation efforts.

“I was in the Little Smoky range this fall and was disturbed to see extensive expansion of oil/gas and continued logging of the remaining habitat patches,” he wrote in an email. 

“Some herds are persisting because of wolf poisoning … a despicable practice that kills vast numbers of non-target wildlife. (Alberta’s) own data in this document show how they have totally trashed habitats for most herds.”

Because of the sensitivity of caribou to disturbance and their need for the same landscapes that humans depend on for resources, biologists have described preserving the species as one of the toughest problems in conservation. 

Meintzer said that’s what makes the delay and the conclusions of the report so disappointing. Section 11 agreements, in effect on animals from killer whales in British Columbia to lake sturgeon in Quebec, are supposed to be an important tool to bring governments together for conservation.

“Just having the 2021 numbers doesn’t really give us the ability to assess whether the agreement works,” he said. “Without these annual reports, we just can’t say whether these Section 11 agreements help at all.”

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Feb. 8, 2024.

Bob Weber, The Canadian Press